The Finish Line: Wood Finishing Techniques
The final step in our custom process is one that we plan for far in advance. When fabricating furniture, cabinetry, and millwork, our clients, whether they be interior designers or homeowners, will frequently know what they want the end result to look like, which helps inform our building process from start to finish, including the wood finishing technique that is utilized.
Wood finishing is the process of applying a protective coating to wood to enhance its appearance and durability. There are many different wood finishing techniques, each with its own unique advantages and disadvantages. Different woods have unique characteristics that include grain pattern, hardness and color; and each will likely require a different technique that depends on these factors.
A Overview of Commonly Used Woods + Finishes
Hardwoods: Hardwoods, such as oak, maple, and walnut, which we frequently use here in the studio, are typically finished with a film-forming finish, such as varnish or lacquer. This type of finish provides the best protection for hardwoods and helps to prevent them from warping and cracking.
Softwoods: Softwoods, such as pine and fir, are more delicate than hardwoods and are prone to denting and scratching. As a result, it is important to choose a finish that is both durable and protective. A good option for softwoods is a penetrating finish, such as oil or wax. This type of finish will soak into the wood and provide protection from within.
Open-grained woods: Open-grained woods, such as oak and mahogany, have large pores that can trap dirt and debris. If you are finishing an open-grained wood, it is important to use a grain filler before applying the finish. This will help to create a smooth, even finish.
Exotic woods: Exotic woods, such as teak and rosewood, are often very expensive and difficult to find. As a result, it is important to choose a finish that will protect the wood and enhance its natural beauty. A good option for exotic woods is a penetrating finish, such as oil or wax. This type of finish will soak into the wood and provide protection from within.
Types of Wood Finishes
Oil finishes: Oil finishes are a popular choice for wood finishing because they are easy to apply and give wood a natural, warm look and feel. Some common oil finishes include linseed oil, tung oil, and Danish oil.
Varnish: Varnish is a clear, durable finish that is often used on furniture and other high-traffic areas. It is available in a variety of gloss levels, from satin to high gloss.
Shellac: Shellac is a natural resin that has been used for centuries to finish wood. It is a fast-drying finish that gives wood a warm, amber glow.
Lacquer: Lacquer is a synthetic finish that is similar to varnish, but it is more durable and dries faster. It is also available in a variety of gloss levels.
Lots of variables play into the decision on which technique to use when finishing a wood piece. Here are some common best practices for wood finishing techniques depending on the type of wood you use…
Finishing Techniques Tailored to Different Wood Types
1. Softwoods: Pine, Cedar, Fir
Softwoods are more porous and prone to staining unevenly.
To achieve an even finish:
Sand thoroughly: Start with coarse-grit sandpaper to remove any rough spots and then progress to finer grits.
Use a wood conditioner: Apply a wood conditioner before staining to prevent blotching. This is crucial for softwoods.
Select oil-based or water-based stains: These work well with softwoods. Apply multiple thin coats for even color.
2. Hardwoods: Oak, Maple, Cherry, Walnut
Hardwoods have denser grain patterns that can be enhanced with the right finish.
To bring out their beauty:
Sanding: Hardwoods can be sanded to a higher grit (e.g., 220 or higher) to achieve a smoother finish.
Stains: Hardwoods are more forgiving when it comes to staining. Oil-based, water-based, and gel stains can be used to create various effects.
Topcoats: Consider using clear varnish, lacquer, or polyurethane for added protection and luster.
3. Exotic Woods: Teak, Mahogany, Rosewood
Exotic woods are known for their distinct colors and grain patterns.
To showcase their natural beauty:
Minimal sanding: Exotic woods often have a beautiful natural finish, so avoid excessive sanding.
Seal with shellac: Shellac can enhance the wood's natural color without altering it.
Finishing oils: Danish oil or tung oil can be used to bring out the wood's rich tones. Apply several coats for depth.
Mastering wood finishing techniques is a crucial step in elevating a custom woodworking project and just goes to show that our critical eye and attention to detail are on high alert throughout the entire process here in the studio. If you happen to be a novice woodworker, practice and experimentation are key in refining your skillset and creating quality wood furniture, cabinetry or millwork. The right technique will help you get your project across the finish line.